Comércio ecologicamente desigual
uma revisão histórica e conceitual
Palavras-chave:
Assimetrias de comércio e poder, Comércio internacional e meio ambiente, Fluxos biofísicos de comércio, História da Economia EcológicaResumo
A Troca Ecológica Desigual (UEE) surge das preocupações da economia ecológica (EE) com relação a questões de equidade ambiental distributiva entre países como resultado do comércio internacional (IT). A UEE mostra que o IT é assimétrico não apenas em termos econômicos, mas também em termos ecológicos. Essa assimetria afeta particularmente os países do Sul, especializados na extração e exportação de matérias-primas. Ela favorece os países do Norte, que produzem e exportam bens intensivos em capital e conhecimento. A identificação da UEE requer a consideração dos aspectos biofísicos da produção, transporte e consumo, onde a Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica é essencial para sua explicação. O diferencial de preços e balanços materiais que surge dessa relação, apoiado por uma estrutura de poder internacional assimétrica, permite que os países industrializados obtenham a energia e a matéria disponíveis para seu funcionamento metabólico, e a troca desigual e a deterioração ecológica nos países do Sul são seus resultados mais evidentes. Com base em uma ampla revisão bibliográfica, artigos seminais sobre o tema e uso de mecanismos de busca, foram estruturados os fundamentos, origens, história e desenvolvimentos do conceito, partindo da troca econômica desigual no pensamento marxista e estruturalista latino-americano, para então abordar o IED.
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